In the book The Fifth Discipline discussing is intended as trying to impose our reasons on others without listening to their points of view. The goal in this case is to be right and “winning” the discussion.

In contrast, dialoguing is intended listening the others’ reasons and sharing our own, with the common goal of learning and getting closer to the truth.

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• The Fifth Discipline | 2019 | Peter Senge

In the book Creiamo cultura insieme is reported that people discuss and argue because they are convinced that if they are right it means that the other people are wrong and that this is not always true.

I agree with this consideration. Sometimes the right is not clearly identifiable, but there are nuances between two extreme positions and the right may be within one of these nuances.

But what does it mean to be right? Being right means being able to distinguish between what is true and what is false, what is good and what is bad, what is fair and what is unfair. However the distinction between what is good and what is bad depends on people’s points of view and their beliefs. Sometimes what is good for one person, it is bad for the another. Therefore, it depends on the perspective.

The following are suggestions some collected from various contents and some from my own thoughts to improve non-verbal communication:

• About the gaze, alternate between looking the other person in the eyes and not looking them in the eyes.
• If you speak to a large audience:
  • divide in different areas the people and alternate the gaze on these areas
  • define one or two people to have a feedback on how the communication is going basing on their facial expression.
• About gesturality, find the right level, not too much, not too little.

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The following are suggestions some collected from various contents and some from my own thoughts to improve para-verbal communication:

• Tone
  • Use a low, but not too much tone of voice to transmit trust and self-confidence.
  • Use an assertive tone of voice that is a little higher than normal but not too much to seems aggressive in order to transmit confidence.
• Rhythm
  • It is defined by the pause and the speed which we speak.
  • Use high rhythm when you want to transmit excitement or want to maintain the audience attentive.
  • Use low rhythm when you want to transmit self-confidence and assertiveness or need to transmit something complicated.
  • Avoid to use always the same rhythm because you risk to bore the audience.
• Accent
  • Raise the tone of voice on some words that you want to highlight.
  • Divide the phrase to give more emphasis on some part compared to others.
• Silence
  • Stay in silence for 2-3 seconds before an important message to prepare the other person to what we will say later.

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Wikipedia defines concept as an abstract idea. Because abstract is defined as an idea, feeling or quality, not as a material object and idea is defined as an output of a thought, therefore concept can be defined as an output of a thought that may represent a material object in the mind but it is not the material object itself.

The paper The Theory Underlying Concept Maps and How to Construct Them defines concept as a perceived regularity (or pattern) in events or objects, or records of events or objects, designated by label.

To design a communication:

• Make a brainstorming and write down all the ideas that you want to transmit.
• Structure your ideas using concept maps.

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